Ethernet,
IEEE 802.3 has been in use for many years and provides wired connectivity for
many data networking applications from home to the largest enterprise systems.
Ethernet,
IEEE 802.3, is one of the most widely used standards for computer networking
and general data communications. It is widely used in all forms of data
networking from connecting to home Wi-Fi hubs to business data networks and
telecommunications networking.
The
Ethernet standard has been used for many years, being steadily updated to meet
the requirements of growing technology. Data communication speeds have steadily
risen and Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 has increased its speeds accordingly.
Although
to many, Ethernet is familiar because Ethernet connections are widely used for
in the home for wired connections between computers and broadband hubs, but
they also provide the essential connectivity for data networking systems used
in large enterprises.
Ethernet
is probably most widely known because of the short Ethernet patch cables with
their RJ45 connectors which are used to connect most desktop computers to data
network routers. These make Ethernet connections very easy to make, thereby
increasing the ease of use and popularity of Ethernet technology.
Accordingly
Ethernet forms the basic technology for connectivity for most local area
networks these days. Versions of it have also been devised for larger
enterprises. Carrier Ethernet is one example of how the technology has been
adapted for use by network operators or carriers.
The Ethernet System consists of three basic elements
(1) The physical medium used to carry Ethernet signals between
computers,
(2) a set of medium access control rules embedded in each Ethernet
interface that allow multiple computers to fairly arbitrate access to the
shared Ethernet channel, and
(3) an Ethernet frame that consists of a standardized set of bits
used to carry data over the system.
As with all IEEE 802 protocols, the ISO data link layer is divided
into two IEEE 802 sub-layers, the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer and the
MAC-client sub-layer. The IEEE 802.3 physical layer corresponds to the ISO
physical layer.
Each Ethernet-equipped computer operates
independently of all other stations on the network: there is no central
controller. All stations attached to an Ethernet are connected to a shared
signaling system, also called the medium. To send data a station first listens
to the channel, and when the channel is idle the station transmits its data in
the form of an Ethernet frame, or packet.
After each frame transmission, all stations on the network must
contend equally for the next frame transmission opportunity. Access to the
shared channel is determined by the medium access control (MAC) mechanism
embedded in the Ethernet interface located in each station. The medium access
control mechanism is based on a system called Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
As each Ethernet frame is sent onto the shared signal channel, all
Ethernet interfaces look at the destination address. If the destination address
of the frame matches with the interface address, the frame will be read
entirely and be delivered to the networking software running on that computer.
All other network interfaces will stop reading the frame when they discover
that the destination address does not match their own address.
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